{"id":135922,"date":"2025-05-30T10:10:05","date_gmt":"2025-05-30T02:10:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/135922\/"},"modified":"2025-05-30T10:10:06","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T02:10:06","slug":"uu-diem-cua-vat-lieu-carbon-trong-dan-nhiet-va-tan-nhiet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/135922\/","title":{"rendered":"\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u carbon trong d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 quang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n nay, khi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p cao v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n cao, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ti\u00eau t\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. T\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ba chi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (nh\u01b0 bo nitrua, nh\u00f4m nitrua) v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kim lo\u1ea1i (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u00f4m) ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 v\u00e0i tr\u0103m W\/(m\u00b7K). So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u carbon nh\u01b0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, than ch\u00ec, graphene, \u1ed1ng nano carbon v\u00e0 s\u1ee3i carbon th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, than ch\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00ean t\u1edbi 4180W\/mk theo h\u01b0\u1edbng song song v\u1edbi l\u1edbp tinh th\u1ec3, cao h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n 10 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kim lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nh\u00f4m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u carbon c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n

Graphene<\/p>\n

Graphene l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra t\u1eeb than ch\u00ec. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng hai chi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ong bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd theo h\u00ecnh l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon b\u00ean trong graphene r\u1ea5t linh ho\u1ea1t. Khi l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o graphene, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon s\u1ebd u\u1ed1n cong v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, do \u0111\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i cho graphene kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u1ed0ng nano carbon<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u1ed1ng nano carbon v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng nano carbon. \u1ed0ng nano carbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m than ch\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp cu\u1ed9n tr\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp, hai l\u1edbp v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t mang l\u1ea1i cho \u1ed1ng nano carbon kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ef1c cao. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng nano carbon \u0111\u01a1n l\u1edbp \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 3980 W\/(m\u00b7K), \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng nano carbon \u0111\u00f4i l\u1edbp l\u00e0 3580 W\/(m\u00b7K) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng nano carbon \u0111a l\u1edbp l\u00e0 2860 W\/(m\u00b7K).<\/p>\n

Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon trong t\u1ee9 di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c electron \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cao t\u1edbi 2000~2100 W\/(m\u00b7K), \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t cao c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

S\u1ee3i carbon<\/p>\n

S\u1ee3i carbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cacbon h\u00f3a \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac than ch\u00ec turbostratic. N\u1ebfu m\u1ea1ng than ch\u00ec tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cao, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ef1c cao. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ee3i carbon mesophase d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean pitch l\u00e0 1100 W\/(m\u00b7K), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ee3i carbon ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 1950 W\/(m\u00b7K).<\/p>\n

Graphite<\/p>\n

Graphite c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3ng ch\u1eb7t. L\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so le b\u1edfi 1\/2 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o l\u1ee5c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean song song v\u1edbi l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 hai. L\u1edbp th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i ABAB… \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a graphite t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u1ecdc theo m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng tinh th\u1ec3 (002) l\u00e0 2200 W\/(m\u00b7K), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t trong m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a graphite nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cao c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 2000 W\/(m\u00b7K).<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u carbon tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ef1c cao, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t cao. Ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t\/t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t g\u1ed1c carbon c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u carbon, v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c carbon nh\u01b0 graphene v\u00e0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m cao m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u carbon, v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":135886,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[852],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-135922","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cong-nghiep-tin-tuc-vi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135922","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=135922"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135922\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":135923,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/135922\/revisions\/135923"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/135886"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=135922"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=135922"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=135922"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}