{"id":136541,"date":"2025-11-03T16:02:38","date_gmt":"2025-11-03T08:02:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/136541\/"},"modified":"2025-11-03T16:02:38","modified_gmt":"2025-11-03T08:02:38","slug":"tai-che-chat-thai-sat-bo-neodymium-kho-bau-khong-the-bo-lo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/136541\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e1i ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i s\u1eaft bo neodymium: kho b\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Nam ch\u00e2m v\u0129nh c\u1eedu Neodymium s\u1eaft boron (NdFeB) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3, xe n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u1edd t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bt\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang danh hi\u1ec7u “Vua nam ch\u00e2m”. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nam ch\u00e2m NdFeB l\u00ean t\u1edbi 30%, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i NdFeB.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a t\u1edbi 30% nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm nguy\u00ean sinh, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Vi\u1ec7c thu h\u1ed3i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i NdFeB l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i NdFeB<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i NdFeB ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 qua s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nam ch\u00e2m trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nam ch\u00e2m. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p; Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Nd v\u00e0 Pr, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Dy v\u00e0 Tb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ng t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 Co, Al v\u00e0 Cu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm (REE), ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i NdFeB c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i: h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5p (REE < 20%), h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm trung b\u00ecnh (20%\u201330%) v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm cao (> 30%).<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i NdFeB ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n, th\u1ee7y luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

(I) C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

T\u00e1i ch\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm kh\u1ecfi s\u1eaft th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m oxy h\u00f3a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, t\u00e1ch clo, h\u1ee3p kim l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1ch kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Oxy h\u00f3a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 \u00e1i l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi oxy cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi s\u1eaft. \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm b\u1ecb oxy h\u00f3a ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh oxit, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi s\u1eaft kim lo\u1ea1i. Nakamoto v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng oxit \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft tr\u00ean 95% v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu h\u1ed3i tr\u00ean 99% b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n oxy.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng clo h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1i l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 clo. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n clo h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 NH4Cl, FeCl2 ho\u1eb7c MgCl2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm th\u00e0nh clorua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch. Uda \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng FeCl2 l\u00e0m t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n clo h\u00f3a, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf 800\u2103, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm l\u00e0 95,9% v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean 99%.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p kim l\u1ecfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u00e1i l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 s\u1eaft. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm Nd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p kim c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1ea5p v\u1edbi Ag, Mg, v.v.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e1ch x\u1ec9-kim lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm trong ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i NdFeB d\u1ec5 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi oxy h\u01a1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i trong ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i NdFeB \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh oxit kim lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o x\u1ec9, oxit s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh Fe kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eed.<\/p>\n

(II) Quy tr\u00ecnh Thu h\u1ed3i \u01af\u1edbt<\/p>\n

Thu h\u1ed3i \u01b0\u1edbt hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f2a tan ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f2a tan \u01b0u ti\u00ean axit clohydric, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i k\u00e9p v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebft dung m\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

(III) Quy tr\u00ecnh T\u00e1i ch\u1ebf M\u1edbi<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m cao li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed5 hydro, ng\u00e2m chi\u1ebft sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n kim nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u1eebng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm; c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu h\u1ed3i cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cao, nh\u01b0ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 axit cao v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i cao; c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u00e2m chi\u1ebft sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111ang \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng axit m\u1ea1nh, ki\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf xanh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u00edt l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1i ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i NdFeB l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf NdFeB s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng xanh h\u00f3a, chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, quy tr\u00ecnh ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu h\u1ed3i cao, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng axit m\u1ea1nh, ki\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":136515,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[852],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-136541","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cong-nghiep-tin-tuc-vi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136541","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=136541"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136541\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/136515"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136541"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=136541"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alpapowder.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=136541"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}